THOUGHTS OF K.H. ABDUL MALIK KALAM FREE WILL AND FREE ACT ANALYSIS OF THE BOOK OF NADHARAT AL-AFKAR
Keywords:
Abdul Malik, free will, free act, Nadharat al-Afkar
Abstract
K.H. Abdul Malik's thoughts on free will and free act in the Book of Nadharat al-Afkar offer a moderate theological approach in explaining the relationship between divine will and human freedom. This study aims to analyze the concepts of free will and free act formulated by K.H. Abdul Malik and their relevance to Islamic theological discourse and the lives of Muslims today. K.H. Abdul Malik adopted a synthesis approach, combining the view between Jabariyah determinism and Qadariyah's absolute freedom. He emphasized that humans have efforts as a form of free will, but human actions remain within the scope of God's will and permission. Through the concept of kasb, he shows human responsibility for his actions while placing it within the framework of God's will.The results of the analysis show that this view reflects an effort to bring harmony between the aspects of classical theology and the challenges of modern life. K.H. Abdul Malik's thinking is relevant in providing a theological foundation for Muslims to understand individual freedom without neglecting responsibility to God. This study reinforces the importance of kalam thinking in responding to contemporary problems and offers a balanced perspective between human effort and submission to the divine will.References
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(Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyyah, 2018), 52–60; see also M. Fathurrahman, "The Concept of Kasb in Ash'ariyah Theology," Ushuluddin Journal 29, no. 2 (2021): 155–170.
Aksin Wijaya, "Islamic Theology and the Challenge of Modernity," Kalam Journal 15, no. 1 (2021): 1–18.
Al-Ash'ari, A. H. (2018). Al-Ibanah 'an ushul al-diyanah. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyyah.
Azra, A. (2020). Indonesian Islam and global dynamics. Jakarta: Prenadamedia Group.
Bagus, L. (2019). A dictionary of philosophy. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Creswell, J. W. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2018). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Fakhry, M. (2016). A history of Islamic philosophy (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Harun Nasution, Islamic Theology: Historical Streams of Comparative Analysis (Jakarta: UI Press, 2019), 31–45.
Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
M. Imdadun Rahmat, "Reconstruction of Sunni Theology in the Contemporary Context," Ushuluddin Science 10, no. 1 (2020): 75–92.
Moleong, L. J. (2021). Qualitative research methodology (Revised edition). Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.
Nasution, H. (2019). Islamic Theology: Historical Trends of Comparative Analysis. Jakarta: UI Press.
Palmer, R. E. (2019). Hermeneutics: Interpretation theory in Schleiermacher, Dilthey, Heidegger, and Gadamer. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
Rumadi Ahmad, "Islam and the Problem of Modern Freedom," Tsaqafah: Journal of Islamic Civilization 18, no. 2 (2022): 233–248.
Sugiyono. (2022). Qualitative, quantitative, and R&D research methods. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Watt, W. M. (2017). Islamic philosophy and theology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Zed, M. (2018). Literature research method. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
